The principal drivers are evident in the company’s cash‑flow line items: management increased brand investment and marketing spend to arrest share loss, which compressed margins in the near term. Net cash provided by operating activities dropped to $1.77B in FY2024 from $3.17B in FY2023, while free cash flow declined to $1.33B from $2.70B over the same period (a -50.74% change based on our calculation). A meaningful working‑capital outflow in 2024 (change in working capital -571MM) further reduced operating cash conversion, and depreciation & amortization remained significant at $622MM, supporting the view that the earnings decline is not entirely a non‑cash accounting artifact.

Those cash dynamics matter because Kenvue returned meaningful cash to shareholders in 2024: dividends paid were approximately $1.55B and common stock repurchases totaled $235MM, leaving financing outflows of $1.56B for the year. The combination of lower operating cash flow and sustained distributions increased net debt from $7.04B at end‑2023 to $7.65B at end‑2024, constraining financial flexibility.

Income‑statement and balance‑sheet snapshot (computed)#

Year	Revenue (USD)	Operating Income (USD)	Net Income (USD)	Operating Margin	Net Margin
2024	$15.46B	$1.84B	$1.03B	11.91%	6.66%
2023	$15.44B	$2.51B	$1.66B	16.27%	10.77%
2022	$14.95B	$2.67B	$2.06B	17.89%	13.81%
2021	$15.05B	$2.92B	$2.08B	19.40%	13.80%

This table demonstrates a clear margin compression trend from 2021–2024. The gross margin has been resilient, but operating and net margins have narrowed materially, driven by higher SG&A and brand investment in 2023–2024.

Balance sheet & cash flow (computed)#

Item	2024	2023	2022
Cash & equivalents	$1.07B	$1.38B	$1.23B
Total assets	$25.60B	$27.85B	$27.32B
Total debt	$8.72B	$8.43B	$0.12B (data anomaly)
Net debt	$7.65B	$7.04B	-$1.11B
Free cash flow	$1.33B	$2.70B	$2.15B
Dividends paid	$1.55B	(reported anomalous) $14.55B*	$0

*The FY2023 cash‑flow line showing $14.55B in dividends is inconsistent with the rest of the balance sheet and other flows (retained earnings, equity and cash balances). We treat that figure as a data anomaly in the feed and prioritize the 2024 dividend figure and the quarterly dividend history (which sum to roughly $0.8225 per share annually) when assessing capital returns.

The balance‑sheet table highlights two constraints: (1) working capital and cash‑flow weakness that reduced free cash flow by roughly half year‑over‑year, and (2) a net debt position that increased despite sizable cash generation in prior years, driven principally by shareholder returns.

Valuation and multiple divergence — reconciliation of conflicting metrics#

Market snapshots in the provided feeds show multiple, at times, contradictory signals. The live quote lists EPS as $0.75 and a P/E of 28.41x, while company TTM metrics show net income per share of $0.35 and a TTM P/E of ~60x. Those differences reflect timing and denominator mismatches (EPS measures vary by the numerator period and share‑count basis). Using reported FY2024 net income and market capitalization, an alternative aggregate multiple is Market Cap / Net Income = $40.89B / $1.03B = 39.68x, which sits well above the quoted 28x and below the 60x TTM number — illustrating how sensitive headline multiples are to the EPS definition used.

We computed enterprise value (EV) as Market Cap + Total Debt - Cash = $40.89B + $8.72B - $1.07B = $48.54B. Using FY2024 reported EBITDA of $2.47B, that implies an EV/EBITDA of ~19.65x (our calculation). That is meaningfully higher than the EV/EBITDA figure of 15.72x included in the TTM metrics provided. The divergence stems from market cap timing, the exact EBITDA denominator (TTM vs FY), and the treatment of minority interests or other adjustments in various data feeds. Investors should therefore treat single‑figure multiples with caution and focus on directionality: Kenvue is trading at a premium to classic consumer‑health comps on several commonly used bases when one adjusts for FY2024 earnings deterioration.

Data inconsistencies and prioritization#

Across the dataset there are several inconsistent line items — conspicuous examples include the FY2023 “dividends paid” of $14.55B (which is implausible relative to equity and cash balances) and 2022 balance‑sheet debt figures that do not algebraically match total liabilities reported elsewhere. When feeds conflict, we prioritize the company’s audited FY2024 filing numbers (accepted 2025‑02‑24) and quarterly dividend history (which documents four quarterly payments summing to $0.8225 per share annually). Those primary filings give the most internally consistent basis for analysis and are therefore the reference for the calculations in this report.

Strategic context: activism, governance and plausible outcomes#

Activist investors have homed in on three interlocking failures: soft organic growth, margin deterioration from elevated marketing and promotional activity, and capital allocation that has sustained a dividend and share‑buyback cadence despite declining free cash flow. Activists named in the public coverage include Starboard Value, Third Point and Sachem Head, among others — groups that typically press for divestitures, board refreshes and sharper capital‑allocation frameworks Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance Finimize.

Given Kenvue’s asset profile — a portfolio with strong brands but pockets of persistent underperformance (notably Skin Health and certain Beauty lines) — the activists’ playbook is conventional and practicable: force a strategic alternatives review, press for targeted divestitures or a full‑company sale, or insist on aggressive cost and SG&A discipline. The company has launched a strategic review; the timeline is likely to be measured in months rather than years because activists and new board members will seek near‑term proof of progress.

Three outcomes are most probable and map directly to financial tradeoffs. First, targeted divestitures could raise cash and improve margins but would require willing buyers at attractive prices. Second, a sale of the company or large divisions would crystallize value but depends on buyer appetite and strategic fit. Third, an operational restructuring — cutting low‑return marketing, tightening promotions and extracting supply‑chain savings — could restore margins but will take longer and risks further short‑term sales impact. Activists will favor routes that accelerate cash return or reduce structural complexity.

Capital allocation: the central constraint#

Capital allocation is the clearest lever that can change Kenvue’s risk profile quickly. In 2024 the company paid roughly $1.55B in dividends and repurchased $235MM of stock, funded from operating cash and existing liquidity. Our calculations show free cash flow of $1.33B in 2024, implying that distributions absorbed a very large share of available cash and necessitated higher net debt. The dividend payout ratio on reported TTM earnings exceeds 230%, which is unsustainable if earnings do not recover quickly.

Activists typically press first on distributions: reduce the dividend to a sustainable level, refocus buybacks to times of excess cash flow, and prioritize debt reduction if credit metrics weaken. Kenvue’s near‑term options therefore break down into two paths: (1) conserve cash (cut dividend, halt buybacks) and buy time for operational fixes, or (2) pursue asset sales to fund distributions and reduce leverage. Both routes require credible, verifiable milestones that activists will demand.

What this means for investors#

Kenvue is an event‑driven situation where near‑term governance milestones will materially affect financial risk and equity valuation. There are three practical watch‑items that will map to investor outcomes. First, the scope and timeline of the strategic alternatives review: an announced sale process, retention of advisors or formal sale indications would materially change the optionality. Second, capital‑allocation actions: any commitment to cut the dividend or pause buybacks would improve cash flow coverage and ease leverage concerns. Third, operational targets: published, quantifiable margin improvement or cost‑takeout plans (with clear timelines) would validate an organic turnaround.

Absent these milestones, the market will treat Kenvue as a premium‑valued name with a fragile earnings base: current valuation metrics imply an expectation that either a buyer pays up or margins recover materially. Our arithmetic shows that FY2024 earnings and cash flow do not yet support those expectations without either rapid margin restoration or strategic crystallization of value.

Key takeaways#

Kenvue combines scale and strong brands with a shortfall in recent execution: revenue is roughly stable but operating income and free cash flow collapsed meaningfully in FY2024. The company is levered to a high‑distribution policy that materially reduced financial flexibility. Activist involvement increases the probability of board‑level action in the near term, and investors should track three critical signals: public milestones from the strategic review, any capital‑allocation changes (dividend/buyback), and concrete operational KPIs tied to margin recovery.

Data caveats: several line items in the non‑filing data feed conflict (notably FY2023 dividends and some 2022 liability lines). We rely on the FY2024 audited/accepted filing (2025‑02‑24) and the company’s disclosed dividend history for the primary calculations in this report.

Conclusion#

Kenvue sits at a governance and execution inflection point. The company’s FY2024 results — $1.03B net income, $1.33B free cash flow and a net debt position of $7.65B — combined with an above‑market dividend and activist pressure, mean that the pace and content of board actions will be decisive for equity risk. The plausible outcomes range from a managed operational turnaround supported by lower distributions, to targeted asset sales, to a full strategic sale. Each path has distinct implications for cash flow conversion, leverage and the appropriate valuation multiple.

For market participants the immediate focus is not on price targets but on mapping milestones: an announced sale process, adviser engagement, dividend adjustments, or quantifiable margin targets. Those events will materially alter Kenvue’s cash‑flow trajectory and resolve the core tension between the firm’s premium market capitalization and its weakened earnings base.

Sources and context: Kenvue FY2024 filing (accepted 2025‑02‑24); Kenvue stock quote and market data (real‑time feed); activist coverage and commentary (Finimize, AINVEST); governance and activism frameworks (Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance). Specific figures and computations in this report are derived from the company filing and the provided financial feeds; anomalies in third‑party data are explicitly flagged and excluded from core calculations where internally inconsistent.